作者: L. C. Sanchez , S. A. Robertson
DOI: 10.1111/EVJ.12265
关键词:
摘要: Currently, approaches to pain control in horses are a mixture of art and science. Recognition overt behaviours, such as rolling, kicking at the abdomen, flank watching, lameness or blepharospasm, may be obvious; subtle signs can include changes facial expression head position, location stall response palpation human interaction. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine firocoxib), opioids butorphanol, morphine buprenorphine) α2 -adrenergic agonists xylazine, detomidine, romifidine medetomidine) most commonly used therapeutic options. Multimodal therapy using constant-rate infusions lidocaine, ketamine and/or butorphanol has gained popularity for severe hospitalised cases. Drugs targeting neuropathic pain, gabapentin, increasingly conditions laminitis. Optimal strategies management based upon severity chronicity, including special considerations use intra-articular epidural delivery foals. Strategies that aim mitigate adverse effects associated with various analgesic agents briefly discussed.