Scaling of avian bipedal locomotion reveals independent effects of body mass and leg posture on gait.

摘要: Birds provide an interesting opportunity to study the relationships between body size, limb morphology and bipedal locomotor function. are ecologically diverse span a large range of size proportions, yet all use their hindlimbs for terrestrial locomotion, at least some part life history. Here, we review scaling avian striding gaits explore how mass leg influence walking running. We collate literature data from 21 species, spanning 2500× in painted quail ostriches. Using dynamic similarity theory interpret trends, find evidence independent effects mass, length posture on gait. no duty factor with suggesting that vertical forces scale similarity. However, dynamically similar speeds, birds relatively shorter stride lengths higher frequencies compared small birds. also long legs such as white stork red-legged seriema, longer strides lower swing frequencies, consistent high inertia discuss observed gait relation mechanical demands force, work power relative muscle actuator capacity, activation costs related cycling frequency, considerations stability agility. Many opportunities remain future investigate influences dynamics among specialized different habitats behaviors.