Epidemiology, Screening, and Clinical Staging

摘要: With over 400,000 new cases in 2018, kidney cancer is the fourteenth most common worldwide. Furthermore, incidence of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) has continued to increase many nations, indicating importance identifying risk factors, discussing potential screening techniques, as well staging for outcomes. Risk factors such male gender, age, smoking, diet, obesity, hypertension, renal disease, family history, certain medication use, and occupational exposures are all discussed context RCC. While no current method been used a gold standard, this chapter reviews utility both imaging laboratory testing patients general public targeted populations. Once RCC diagnosed, it important understand developments TNM process accurately guide treatment manage expected This will cover historical evolution cell carcinoma literature impacting recent guidelines.