Prognostic biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA): state of the art.

摘要: Introduction:Although advances in understanding the molecular basis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have been made, surgery is only curative therapy option and overall prognosis patients suffering from disease remains poor. Therefore, estimation based on known novel biomarkers essential for guidance CCA both, palliative settings.Areas covered:An extensive literature search with special emphasis was performed. Based this, prognostic serum, tumor tissue other compartments that are currently use or under evaluation were summarized this review. Furthermore, an overview new provided including those determined extracellular vesicles (EVs), metabolites nucleic acids. Finally, markers associated potential options treatment summed up.Expert opinion:So far, optimal biomarker has not described. However, increasing knowledge about but also due to novel, innovative technologies, a plethora will be available future.