Why are sex and gender important to basic physiology and translational and individualized medicine

摘要: Sex refers to biological differences between men and women. Although sex is a fundamental aspect of human physiology that splits the population in two approximately equal halves, this essential variable rarely considered design basic physiological studies, translating findings from science clinical research, or developing personalized medical strategies. Contrary sex, gender social cultural factors related being man woman particular historical context. Unfortunately, often used incorrectly by scientists investigators as synonymous with sex. This article clarifies definition reviews evidence showing how interact each other influence etiology, presentation disease, treatment outcomes. In addition, strategies improve inclusion female male beings preclinical studies will be presented, importance embedding concepts into postgraduate curricula discussed. Also, provided list resources for educators. history concepts, physiologists have pivotal contributions understanding health disease processes. future, should provide advancing medicine reducing disparities care.