摘要: Despite the near universality of maxim that one should treat others as ought to be treated, even well-intended advisers often advise act differently than they choose for themselves. We review several psychological factors contribute biased advice. Absent pecuniary motives contrary, advice tends paternalistically in favor caution. Policies would intuitively promote quality — such making accountable, taking from who value relationship, or having disclose potential conflicts interest can perversely lower