Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring at Global Scale and the EU Level

摘要: Biosensor technology is based on a specific biological recognition element in combination with transducer for signal processing. Since their inception, biosensors have been expected to play significant analytical role environmental monitoring. The use of data complement chemical analysis, as well the development and other approaches, has grown steadily recent years. However, commercialization biosensor significantly lagged behind search output reflected by plethora publica- tions patenting activities. rationale slow limited transfer could be attributed cost considerations some key technical barriers. During last 15 years relevant support provided public institutions research USA, Japan and, especially, Europe. In addition, biomonitoring an essential tool rapid cost-effective For this reason, considered complete implementation new European Union (EU) directives, such Water Framework Directive (WFD), related directives Marine Strategy Directive. Analytical chemistry changed considerably, driven automation, minia- turization system integration high throughput multiple tasks. Such requirements pose great challenge where