An Ecosystem Services Framework

摘要: Ecosystem services are the full range of social, ecological, and economic benefits that people obtain from nature (Millennium Assessment 2003; Smith et al. 2011). These include both biophysical (e.g., water, food, fiber) intangible cultural or health) benefits. The concept originated in ecological economists’ attempts to assign monetary valuations goods humans receive naturally functioning ecosystems, so array direct indirect captured environmental policy, management, decision making (Westman 1977). importance value ecosystem being recognized internationally (Farley Costanza 2010; Muradian 2010), as illustrated by Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity Services (IPBES 2012), which is currently supported 124 nations. Many US state federal natural resource agencies have adopted policies analyses planning making. Environmental Protection Agency, Geological Survey, National Park Service all new initiatives regarding identification mapping services. Specific national forestlands, Forest Service’s rule (USDA 2012) requires 175 forests report key for forest plan assessments revisions.