Graves Orbitopathy: Update on Diagnosis and Therapy

摘要: DrMedHabilAbstract: Graves orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disorder re-presenting the most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation of Gravesdisease. It rare, with age-adjusted incidence approximately16.0casesper100,000populationperyearinwomenand2.9casesper100,000 population per year in men. GO inflammatory processcharacterized by edema and inflammation extraocular musclesand increase orbital connective tissue fat. Despite recentprogress understanding its pathogenesis, often remains amajor diagnostic therapeutic challenge. has become increas-ingly important to classify patients into categories based on diseaseactivity at initial presentation. A Hertel exophthalmometer measure-ment 92 mm above normal for race usually categorizes a patient ashaving moderate-to-severe GO. Encouraging smoking cessation andachievingeuthyroidismintheindividualpatientareimportant.Simpletreatment measures such as lubricants lid retraction, nocturnalointmentsforincompleteeyeclosure,prismsindiplopia,orbotulinumtoxin injections upper-lid retraction can be effective mild casesof Glucocorticoids, radiotherapy, decompression/re-habilitativesurgeryaregenerallyindicatedformoderate-to-severeGOandforsight-threateningopticneuropathy.Futuretherapies,includingrituximab aimed treating molecular immunological basis ofGO, are under investigation hold promise future.Key Words: glucocorticoids, disease, orbitopathy, rituximab,thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin