Non-invasive methods to detect schistosome-based bladder cancer: is the association sufficient for epidemiological use?

摘要: The association between chronic infection with Schistosoma haematobium and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is well known but there are few epidemiological data available to assess extent this cancer in schistosome-endemic areas. Invasive surgical procedures not practical for appraisal, therefore important health matter unresolved. This review examines recent work done identify detect biomarkers that can be found voided urine obtained without invasive procedures. A variety products cycle kinetics, nuclear activity enzymes even morphometry have been studied specimens these concert may sufficient indicate likelihood presence or some predictive pre-cancerous state. Although techniques require a sophisticated central laboratory analysis, easily collected field brought centre, which could serve regional programmes. We suggest early diagnosis conditions associated urinary schistosomiasis, if appropriately treated, save countless lives.