摘要: Congenital abnormalities of the major mediastinal venous structures occur in less than 2 % people who have no other (Buirski et al., Clin Radiol 37(2):131–138, 1986; Sungur Heart 93:1292, 2007; Kalke Am J Cardiol 20:91–101, 1967;Snellen and Dekker, 66:184–196, 1963; Pennes Ellis, Radiology 159:23–24, Demos Roentgenol 182:1139–1150, 2004). Although many congenital anomalies been described, three with sufficient frequency that they will be encountered routine clinical practice: azygos or hemiazygos continuation an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC), persistence a left superior (SVC) without coexisting right SVC, partial anomalous pulmonary return (PAPVR). may adults abnormalities, these also associated wide variety vascular cardiac defects Classifications systemic are shown Tables 26.1 26.2.
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