The Collagens: Biochemistry and Pathophysiology

摘要: 1 Introduction: Historical Outline.- 2 Structure, Heterogeneity, and Distribution.- 2.1 Basic Nomenclature.- 2.2 Triple-Chain Helical Structure.- 2.3 2.4 Classification General Structural Features of the Collagens.- 2.5 Type I, II, III Collagens, I-Trimer Collagen.- 2.6 IV 2.7 V 2.8 VI 2.9 VII 2.10 VIII 2.11 IX 2.12 X 2.13 XI 2.14 XII 2.15 XIII 2.16 Proteins Containing a Collagenlike Sequence.- 2.16.1 Acetylcholinesterase.- 2.16.2 Mammalian Lectins.- 2.16.2.1 Complement Component C1q.- 2.16.2.2 Conglutinin.- 2.16.2.3 Mannan-Binding Protein.- 2.16.2.4 Lung Surfactant 3 Biosynthesis 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Procollagen Genes.- 3.3 Cleavage Signal Peptide.- 3.4 Hydroxylation Proline Lysine Residues.- 3.5 Glycosylation Hydroxylysine 3.6 Asparagine 3.7 Chain Association, Disulfide Bonding, Formation 3.8 Conversion to 3.9 Supramolecular Structures.- 3.10 Cross-Linking 3.11 Interaction Collagen with Components Extracellular Matrix.- 3.11.1 Remarks.- 3.11.2 Collagen-Proteoglycan Interactions.- 3.11.3 Glycoproteins.- 3.11.3.1 Fibronectin.- 3.11.3.2 Laminin.- 3.11.3.3 Entactin Nitogen.- 3.11.3.4 Chondrionectin.- 3.11.3.5 Fibromodulin.- 4 Degradation.- 4.1 4.2 Pathways 4.3 Depolymerization.- 4.4 Tissue Collagenases.- 4.5 Collagenolytic Cathepsins.- 4.6 Gelatinases Peptidase.- 4.7 Enzymes Microbial Origin.- 5 Turnover Regulation Metabolism.- 5.1 5.2 Transcriptional Translational Control Synthesis.- 5.3 Synthesis at Intracellular Posttranslational Level.- 5.4 Degradation Procollagen.- 5.5 Feedback Inhibition by Aminoterminal Propeptides.- 5.6 Role Free Pool in 5.7 6 Development, Aging, Phylogeny.- 6.1 Development.- 6.2 Aging.- 6.3 Phylogenetic Aspects 6.3.1 Animal 6.3.2 Plants Unicellular Organisms.- 6.3.3 Porifera.- 6.3.4 Coelenterata.- 6.3.5 Platyhelmintha.- 6.3.6 Aschelminthes.- 6.3.7 Annelida.- 6.3.8 Arthropoda.- 6.3.9 Mollusca.- 6.3.10 Echinodermata.- 6.3.11 Chordata.- 7 Hormonal 7.1 7.2 Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Thyrotropic Hormone.- 7.3 Glucocorticoids.- 7.4 Growth 7.5 Insulin Glucagon.- 7.6 Prolactin.- 7.7 Histamine.- 8 Immunobiology 8.1 8.2 Antigenicity 8.3 Immune Response Collagens Procollagens.- 8.4 Effect Cytokines on 9 Hereditary Disorders 9.1 9.2 The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.- 9.3 Marfan 9.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta.- 9.4.1 Imperfecta I.- 9.4.2 II.- 9.4.3 III.- 9.4.4 IV.- 9.5 Epidermolysis Bullosa.- 9.6 Chondrodysplasias.- 9.7 Congenital Dislocation Hip.- 9.8 Nail-Patella 9.9 Progressive Glomerulopathy (Alport's Syndrome).- 9.10 Homocystinuria.- 9.11 Alkaptonuria.- 9.12 Aspartylglycosaminuria.- 9.13 Familial Cutaneous Collagenoma.- 9.14 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia.- 9.15 Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae.- 9.16 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.- 9.17 Metabolism Animals.- 10 Diseases.- 10.1 10.2 Scleroderma Related Conditions.- 10.3 Other 10.4 Drug-Induced Lupus-Like 11 Musculoskeletal System.- 11.1 11.2 Bone.- 11.2.1 Structure Function.- 11.2.2 11.2.3 Pathology 11.2.3.1 Disturbed Calcium Phosphorus 11.2.3.2 Osteoporosis.- 11.2.3.3 Paget's Disease.- 11.3 Cartilage.- 11.3.1 11.3.2 11.4 Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 11.4.3.1 Age-Related Degeneration.- 11.4.3.2 Chemonucleolysis.- 11.4.3.3 Scoliosis.- 11.5 Tendons 11.5.1 11.5.2 Tendinous Pathology.- 11.5.2.1 Dupuytren's Contracture.- 11.5.2.2 Carpal Tunnel 11.6 Joints.- 11.6.1 11.7 Skeletal Muscle.- 11.7.1 11.7.2 11.8 Rheumatic Disorders.- 11.8.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 11.8.2 Osteoarthrosis.- 11.8.3 Models 12 Cardiovascular 12.1 12.2 Heart.- 12.2.1 Features.- 12.2.2 Normal Heart 12.2.3 Myocardial Hypertrophy.- 12.2.4 Infarction.- 12.2.5 Valves Health 12.3 Vessels.- 12.3.1 Characteristics.- 12.3.2 Vessel Wall.- 12.3.3 Atherosclerosis.- 12.3.4 Hypertension.- 13 Respiratory 13.1 13.2 Content Lungs.- 13.3 Cells Involved Production.- 13.4 13.4.1 13.4.2 Fibrotic 13.4.3 Destructive 14 Liver.- 14.1 14.2 14.3 Synthesizing Cells.- 14.4 Fibrosis as Liver Bioecosystem.- 14.5 14.6 14.7 Development Fibrosis.- 14.8 Regeneration.- 14.9 Diseases Bile Ducts.- 14.10 Indices Hepatic 15 Teeth Periodontal Tissues.- 15.1 Teeth.- 15.1.1 Dentin.- 15.1.2 Cementum.- 15.1.3 Enamel.- 15.1.4 Dental Pulp.- 15.1.5 Periodontium.- 15.2 15.3 15.3.1 15.3.2 Hydantoin-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia.- 16 Skin Wound Healing.- 16.1 Skin.- 16.2 16.3 Keloids.- 16.4 17 Eye Ear.- 17.1 Eye.- 17.1.1 17.1.2 Cornea Sclera.- 17.1.3 Uvea.- 17.1.4 Lens.- 17.1.5 Vitreous Body.- 17.1.6 Retina.- 17.1.7 Ocular 17.2 18 Urinary Reproductive Systems.- 18.1 18.2 18.3 Ovary.- 18.4 Uterus Pregnancy.- 18.5 Placenta.- 19 Nervous 20 Hematology.- 20.1 Hematostasis.- 20.2 Bone Marrow.- 20.3 Lymph Nodes.- 21 Neoplasia.- 21.1 21.2 Stroma Neoplasms.- 21.3 Collagenolysis Tumor Invasion.- 22 Nutrition.- 22.1 Malnutrition Overnutrition.- 22.2 Scurvy.- 23 Ionizing Radiation.- 24 Pharmacological 24.1 24.2 Direct Inhibitors 24.2.1 24.2.1.1 Analogues Proline.- 24.2.1.2 Cosubstrates Cofactors Hydroxylation.- 24.2.1.3 Fibrostatins.- 24.2.2 Secretion.- 24.2.3 24.2.4 Processing 24.2.4.1 Lathyrism.- 24.2.4.2 Penicillamine.- Lysyl Oxidase Respect Pyridoxal.- 24.2.5 Antifibroblast Serum.- 24.3 24.3.1 Induction Collagenolysis.- 24.3.2 Collagenase 24.3.3 24.4 Drugs That Indirectly Affect 24.4.1 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.- 24.4.2 Extracts.- 24.4.3 Heavy Metals.- 24.4.4 Fluoride.- 24.4.5 Cytostatic 24.4.6 Immunomodulants.- 24.4.7 Antibiotics.- 25 Clinical Practice.- References.