The heating of metal electrodes during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation: a possible safety hazard.
作者： Bradley J. Roth , Alvaro Pascual-Leone , Leonardo G. Cohen , Mark Hallett
DOI: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90077-O
关键词:
摘要: The temperature of electrodes and metal disks positioned close to a coil was measured during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation. rise ranged from fraction degree almost half per stimulus pulse increased with the electrical conductivity metal, square electrode radius strength, independent thickness. During brief high-frequency train, increase each added; long, train approached steady state. After ended, an on arm cooled time constant about 45 sec. A standard silver EEG surface skin did not in enough induce burn if stimulating rate below 0.4 Hz or total number stimuli less than 20. Heating reduced by cutting gaps electrode.
elsevier.com
researchgate.net 
sci-hub.se 参考文章(10)
Kenneth R. Diller, Analysis of Skin Burns Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 85- 134 ,(1985) , 10.1007/978-1-4684-8285-0_3
W FLANIGANJR, R BOWMAN, W LOWELL, Nonmetallic electrode system for recording EEG and ECG in electromagnetic fields Physiology & Behavior. ,vol. 18, pp. 531- 533 ,(1977) , 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90270-0
A Pascual-Leone, A Dhuna, B.J Roth, L Cohen, M Hallett, Risk of burns during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation in presence of electrodes. The Lancet. ,vol. 336, pp. 1195- 1196 ,(1990) , 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92815-Y
Leonardo G. Cohen, Bradley J. Roth, Jan Nilsson, Nguyet Dang, Marcela Panizza, Stefania Bandinelli, Walter Friauf, Mark Hallett, Effects of coil design on delivery of focal magnetic stimulation. Technical considerations Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. ,vol. 75, pp. 350- 357 ,(1990) , 10.1016/0013-4694(90)90113-X
John R. Reitz, Frederick J. Milford, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory ,(1967)
A. Pascual-Leone, J. R. Gates, A. Dhuna, Induction of speech arrest and counting errors with rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. ,vol. 41, pp. 697- 702 ,(1991) , 10.1212/WNL.41.5.697
A. Hufnagel, C. E. Elger, H. F. Durwen, D. K. Böker, W. Entzian, Activation of the epileptic focus by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain Annals of Neurology. ,vol. 27, pp. 49- 60 ,(1990) , 10.1002/ANA.410270109
A. Dhuna, J. Gates, A. Pascual-Leone, Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy Neurology. ,vol. 41, pp. 1067- 1067 ,(1991) , 10.1212/WNL.41.7.1067
A R Moritz, F C Henriques, Studies of Thermal Injury: II. The Relative Importance of Time and Surface Temperature in the Causation of Cutaneous Burns* American Journal of Pathology. ,vol. 23, pp. 695- 720 ,(1947)
William Ralph Smythe, Static and dynamic electricity McGraw-Hill. ,(1939)