Annex X Final report : Toward 4th Generation District Heating: Experience and Potential of Low-Temperature District Heating

摘要: Background and ObjectiveThe evolution of district heating (DH) has gone through three generations since the first introduction distirct heating. It is characterized by type transport media network temperature levels: 1st generation DH system steam-based system, 2nd uses high supply above 100oC, 3rd represents current with medium between 80oC to 100oC. Up until now, 4th as low-temperature (LTDH) emerging a new which going replace existing system. Comparing LTDH reduces down consumer required level, thus greatly improves quality match energy demand. Meanwhile, coupling reduced well-designed can reduce heat loss up 75% comparing This makes economically competitive local units in areas low density or low-energy buildings.The traditional approach evaluating often focuses on production/supply aspect only afterwards final users. The concept switches perspective, starting from end-user thermal comfort consumption, aiming find best most economical way satisfy demand efficient distribution networks systems based waste RE. therefore starts identifying suitable in-house substations for low-energy-demand buildings at temperature, goes back design reliable networks, finally considers environmentally-friendly production units.This report describes LTDH, collects discusses successful examples implementation building sector. objective this raise awareness provide insights that will stimulate research, development systems. help increase public recognition assist policy makers planners, both governmental promoting cost-effective environmentally friendly systems, planning realizing long-term sustainable urban area development. To end, addresses following research issues:1. What are main advantages LTDH?2. technology options available what associated challenges consider?3. How risk Legionella be mitigated LTDH?4. lessons learned early projects?5. costs LTDH?