The Janus-faced nature of time spent on homework: Using latent profile analyses to predict academic achievement over a school year

摘要: Homework time and achievement are only modestly associated, whereas homework effort has consistently been shown to positively predict later achievement. We argue that spent on can be an important predictor of when combined with measures effort. Latent profile analyses were applied a longitudinal data set 1915 eighth-grade students who had surveyed their behavior in French as second language. There three main findings. First, based values for effort, five distinct learning types identified: fast learner, high-effort average student, struggling minimalist. Second, latent transition confirmed these stably identified over time. Third, predicting Time 2 academic indicated associated positive (as the learner) negative outcomes.