Changing coasts: marine aliens and artificial structures

摘要: Marine aliens are non-native species that have been transported across major geographical barriers by human activities, involving vectors move propagules along pathways. Species may also be newly observed in a area due to range shifts, generally association with climate change. Artificial structures considered either man-made materials or natural shaped displaced serve specific function for activities. All types of artificial currently increasing dramatically coastal zones populations on coastlines. Most the significant marine and pathways involve mobile reviewed here. These include shipping (ballast water hull fouling) aquaculture, including stock transfer unintentional introductions, all which can into new biogeographical provinces. Some frequently long distances but low fouling loads (e.g., commercial shipping), whereas others barges pontoons) hyperfouled stationary periods such when moved they transport mature communities. We examine presence alien static (immobile) structures, support different communities from those hard substrata. consider role these as defences, reefs, offshore platforms, dispersal abundance species. Marinas both immobile apparently particularly favourable habitats many aliens. For example, North America approximately 90% inhabiting substrata reported docks marinas. Detailed case studies (two seaweeds four invertebrates) provided, an analysis their origin, transport, habitat introduced range, potential impact. Although there exceptions, large majority seem associated, at least some time, structures. It is clear pave way act stepping stones even corridors aliens, do urban areas, roads riparian environments terrestrial ecosystems. The acceleration spread rates invasions over course last two centuries partly result increase coupled greater activity vectors.