Advances in the diagnosis and classification of systemic lupus erythematosus

摘要: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype of systemic autoimmune diseases. Patients with SLE display a wide spectrum clinical and serological findings that can mislead delay diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria have not been developed yet, whereas several sets classification are available; however, none them has 100% sensitivity specificity, i.e. hallmark diagnostic criteria. Nevertheless, often misused as criteria, which may affect earliness diagnosis lead to more misdiagnosed cases. Areas covered: In this review, we compare old new discussing their application pinpointing limitations in management patients. Moreover, will focus on current novel biomarkers for diagnosis, highlighting predictive value applicability practice. Expert commentary: still represents challenge, remaining largely based judgment. Besides even its challenging date. Indeed, although seems be achieved frequently 2012 SLICC than previous 1997 ACR last-updated set might improved. Notably, should applied any subject world, consequently they include immunological variables validated different populations, an unmet need.