SUPPLY AND SUBSTITUTION OPTIONS FOR SELECTED CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS: COBALT, NIOBIUM, TUNGSTEN, YTTRIUM AND RARE EARTHS ELEMENTS

作者: Andreas Bartl , Alan H. Tkaczyk , Alessia Amato , Francesca Beolchini , Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis

DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13697

关键词:

摘要: European industry is dependent on the import of raw materials. The Commission has recognized that some materials are crucial for function economy and show a high risk supply shortage. This communication addresses substitution options selected critical materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten, yttrium, rare earth elements. For each element, most relevant data concerning mining, abundance, recycling rates possible substitutes summarized discussed.​

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