作者: Andreas Bartl , Alan H. Tkaczyk , Alessia Amato , Francesca Beolchini , Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis
DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13697
关键词:
摘要: European industry is dependent on the import of raw materials. The Commission has recognized that some materials are crucial for function economy and show a high risk supply shortage. This communication addresses substitution options selected critical materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten, yttrium, rare earth elements. For each element, most relevant data concerning mining, abundance, recycling rates possible substitutes summarized discussed.