Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater of north Indian cities and risk assessment
作者： Kunwar P. Singh , Premanjali Rai , Arun K. Singh , Priyanka Verma , Shikha Gupta
DOI: 10.1007/S10661-014-3881-8
关键词:
摘要: Six pharmaceuticals of different categories, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac), anti-epileptic (carbamazepine), and anti-microbial (trimethoprim), were investigated in wastewater the urban areas Ghaziabad Lucknow, India. Samples concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) determined high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. The SPE-HPLC method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. All six detected Ghaziabad, whereas naproxen not Lucknow wastewater. Results suggest that levels these relatively higher compared those diclofenac most frequently drug both study areas. Detection reflects importance inputs a source pharmaceuticals. In terms regional distribution compounds two cities, spatial variations (coefficient variation 112.90–459.44 %) found due poor water exchange ability. contrast, lower (162.38–303.77 observed Ghaziabad. Statistical analysis results data highly skewed, populations significantly (p 1) risk all test species. present would contribute formulation guidelines for regulation emerging pharmaceutical contaminants environment.
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