Sensing the environment: regulation of local and global homeostasis by the skin's neuroendocrine system.

摘要: 1.1. General overview The strategic location of the skin as barrier between environment and internal milieu determines its critical function in preservation body homeostasis, ultimately organism survival (Slominski, 2005, Slominski Wortsman, 2000, et al., 2000c, Zmijewski Slominski, 2011). It also exposes to numerous pathological agents, processes, events. Thus, capability locally recognize, discriminate integrate various signals within a highly heterogeneous environment, immediately launch appropriate responses, is vital property (Slominski 2000). These functions are integrated into immune, pigmentary, epidermal adnexal systems, continuous communication with systemic neural endocrine systems (Arck 2006, 2009c, 2004c, 2007a, Stenn Paus, 2001). These fundamental results from skin, which largest body’s organ, at interphase external requiring development efficient sensory effector capabilities differentially react changes environment. They represented by inducible production biologically active compounds (hormones, neurohormones neurotransmitters) that act both levels (Fig. 1). Figure 1 Skin senses through cutaneous neuroendocrine system, computes translates received information chemical, physical biological messengers regulate global (A B) local (B) homeostasis. ... The being continuously exposed many or environmental factors (acute transfers solar, thermal chemical energy), had evolve optimal mechanism(s) protect, restore maintain homeostasis relation hostile 1993b, Pawelek, 1998, 2000c). We have proposed precise coordination execution these responses mediated able reset homeostatic adaptation mechanisms Superimposed on this impact psychological stress physiology pathology, placed context bidirectional brain-skin 2005a, 2008b). To summarize, reaction changing can generate produce rapid (neural) slow (humoral immune) 1). Coordination system 2000a), employs equivalents hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) 2007a), hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) (Pisarchik 2002, van Beek 2008), catecholaminergic (Schallreuter 1997), serotoninergic, melatoninergic 2008a, 2005c), cholinergic (Grando, Grando 2006), steroidogenic 2008b) secosteroidogenic (Bikle, 2010, Holick, 2003, 2010) 2). Given their common embryonic origins, it not surprising shares mediators CNS system. Recent research has revealed harbors complex opioidogenic (Grando 1995, 2011c) canabinnoidogenic (Biro 2009) role maintenance currently intensively explored. Figure 2 Skin follows algorithms classical systems. forms natural platform signal exchange organs For purpose cells only subjected neurohormonal ... In monograph we will discuss components sensing subsequent regulation main focus axes.