Not so standard anymore? Employment duality in Germany

摘要: This paper gives an overview of the transformation German labour market since mid-1990s with a special focus on changing patterns segmentation or ‘dualisation’ employment in Germany. While duality Germany can partially be attributed to reforms promoting, particular, non-standard forms and allowing for expansion low pay, structural changes economy as well strategic choices by employers social partners also play prominent role. Our main argument is that liberalization contracts has contributed overall inclusion job growth at least some work provide stepping stones into permanent regular jobs. Atypical do not necessarily undermine dominance standard relationships quality this primary segment but rather form supplementary part sectors occupations depend more flexible maybe cheaper labour.