Towards a unified view of inhomogeneous stellar winds in isolated supergiant stars and supergiant high mass X-ray binaries

摘要: Massive stars, at least $\sim10$ times more massive than the Sun, have two key properties that make them main drivers of evolution star clusters, galaxies, and Universe as a whole. On one hand, outer layers stars are so hot they produce most ionizing ultraviolet radiation galaxies; in fact, first helped to re-ionize after its Dark Ages. Another important property strong stellar winds outflows produce. This mass loss, finally explosion supernova or gamma-ray burst, provide significant input mechanical radiative energy into interstellar space. These together cosmic engines: trigger formation enrich medium with heavy elements, ultimately leads Earth-like rocky planets development complex life. The study is thus truly multidisciplinary field has wide impact on different areas astronomy. In recent years observational theoretical evidences been growing these not smooth homogeneous previously assumed, but rather populated by dense “clumps”. presence structures dramatically affects loss rates derived from winds. Clump isolated nowadays inferred mostly through indirect methods (i.e., spectroscopic observations line profiles various wavelength regimes, their analysis based tailored, inhomogeneous wind models). limited characterization clump physical (mass, size) obtained far led large uncertainties stars. Such limit our understanding role galactic evolution. Supergiant high X-ray binaries (SgXBs) among brightest sources sky. A number consist neutron accreting companion producing powerful source. characteristics interactions between compact object donor determine observed output all systems. Consequently, use SgXBs for studies only possible when physics winds, objects, accretion mechanisms combined confronted observations. detailed review summarises current knowledge theory well processes wind-fed binaries. aim combine near future available diagnostics measurements achieve unified picture objects binary