Characterising the harmonic vocal repertoire of the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes).

摘要: Vocal communication in social animals plays a crucial role mate choice, maintaining structure, and foraging strategy. The Indian grey wolf, among the least studied subspecies, is carnivore that lives groups called packs has many types of vocal communication. In this study, we characterise harmonic vocalisation wolf using howl survey responses opportunistic recordings from captive nine (each pack contains 2–9 individuals) free-ranging wolves. Using principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, discriminant function found four distinct vocalisations 270 recorded (Average Silhouette width Si = 0.598) which include howls howl-barks (N 238), whimper 2), squeak 28), whine 2). Although having smaller body size compared to other have an average mean fundamental frequency 422 Hz (±126), similar subspecies. showed highest modulation (37.296±4.601) (1708±524 Hz) call types. Less information available on third type, i.e. ‘Social squeak’ or ‘talking’ (Mean 461±83 Hz), highly variable (coefficient variation 18.778±3.587). Lastly, identified whine, had 906Hz (±242) Italian (979±109 Hz). Our study’s characterisation wolf’s repertoire provides first step understanding contextual use mammal.