The water footprint of olives and olive oil in Spain

摘要: This paper evaluates the water footprint of Spanish olives and olive oil over period 1997-2008. In particular, it analyses three colour components footprint: green (rainwater stored in soil), blue (surface groundwater) grey (freshwater required to assimilate load pollutants). Apparent productivity virtual embedded exports have also been studied. Results show more than 99.5% one liter bottled is related production, whereas less 0.5% due other such as bottle, cap label. Over studied period, absolute terms production represents about 72% rainfed systems just 12% irrigated orchards. Blue footprints represent 6% 10% national footprint, respectively. It shown that concentrated regions with smallest per unit product. However, increase groundwater consumption main producing region (Andalusia), from 98 378 Mm3 between 1997 2008, has added significant pressure upstream Guadalquivir basin. raises questions sustainability orchards for export region. Finally, illustrate importance amounting 77% total exports.