Immune checkpoint blockade as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for renal cell carcinoma: a review of clinical trials.

摘要: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common genitourinary malignancy; when metastatic, it almost uniformly fatal. For many years non-specific immunotherapy was the mainstay of treatment for metastatic RCC, but led to only modest success and significant side-effects. More recently, seven targeted therapy drugs have been approved treat RCC; these impede RCC growth, proliferation, angiogenesis had impact on patient outcomes, with infrequent long term responders. Thus, renewed emphasis has emerged over last several development testing novel class immunotherapeutic agents called checkpoint inhibitors. These programmed death 1 (PD-1) cytotoxic leukocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) pathways regulatory T cells, leading immune response enhancement immune-mediated anti-tumor effects in multiple malignancies, including RCC. A number studies recently reported utilizing inhibitors, either alone or combination other inhibitors vascular endothelial growth factor targeting agents, shown at times durable responses patients. This further phase I, II, III trials this review will discuss history currently available data blockade