Lactate is always the end product of glycolysis

摘要: Through much of the history metabolism, lactate (La-) has been considered merely a deadend waste product during periods dysoxia. Congruently, end glycolysis viewed dichotomously: pyruvate in presence adequate oxygenation, La- absence oxygenation. In contrast, given near-equilibrium nature dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction and that LDH higher activity than putative regulatory enzymes glycolytic oxidative pathways, we contend is always glycolysis. Cellular accumulation, as opposed to flux, dependent on 1) rate glycolysis, 2) enzyme activity, 3) cellular O2 level, 4) net transport into (influx) or out (efflux) cell. For intracellular reintroduce Cytosol-to-Mitochondria Lactate Shuttle. Our proposition, analogous phosphocreatine shuttle, purports pyruvate, NAD+, NADH, are held uniformly near equilibrium throughout cell cytosol due high LDH. represents primary diffusing species capable spatially linking phosphorylation.