Molecular biology of bladder cancer: new insights into pathogenesis and clinical diversity

摘要: Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder comprises two long-recognized disease entities with distinct molecular features and clinical outcome. Low-grade non-muscle-invasive tumours recur frequently but rarely progress to muscle invasion, whereas muscle-invasive are usually diagnosed de novo metastasize. Recent genome-wide expression sequencing studies identify genes pathways that key drivers urothelial cancer reveal a more complex picture multiple subclasses traverse conventional grade stage groupings. This improved understanding features, pathogenesis heterogeneity provides new opportunities for prognostic application, monitoring personalized therapy.