Management of Refractory Epilepsy

摘要: The term refractory epilepsy is utilized in veterinary medicine to describe a condition which an animal with fails attain satisfactory seizure control or suffers intolerable side effects despite appropriate therapy conventional antiepileptic drugs. Refractory important problem small practice as it occurs approximately one-third of dogs epilepsy. Consequently, there much interest identifying ways more effectively treat this population animals. More than dozen new drugs have been approved for humans over the last 2 decades, and several these drugs, including gabapentin, zonisamide, levetiracetam, pregabalin, evaluated treatment seizures patients. Nonmedical methods poorly controlled are also being explored. alternative forms that shown most promise electrical stimulation brain dietary modification, both dogs. This overview summarizes available data on pharmacologic well nonmedical options cats Although many currently clinical practice, our knowledge safety efficacy treatments limited. Additional randomized trials needed better evaluate novel therapies cats.