Refractory bipolar disorder and neuroprogression.

摘要: Immune activation and failure of physiologic compensatory mechanisms over time have been implicated in the pathophysiology illness progression bipolar disorder. Recent evidence suggests that such changes are important contributors to neuroprogression may mediate cross-sensitization episode recurrence, trauma exposure substance use. The present review aims discuss potential factors related disorder refractoriness neuroprogression. In addition, we will possible impacts early therapeutic interventions as well alternative approaches late stages