Circulating Y-RNAs in Extracellular Vesicles and Ribonucleoprotein Complexes; Implications for the Immune System

摘要: The exchange of extracellular vesicles (EV) between immune cells plays a role in various regulatory processes. EV are nano-sized lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain multitude proteins and small non-coding RNA molecules. Of the classes present EV, miRNAs have been most intensively studied because their known gene-regulatory functions. These constitute only minor part all EV-enclosed RNA, whereas other 20-200 nt sized RNAs were shown to be abundantly EV. Several these mid-sized perform basic functions cells, but function remains elusive. One prominent class associated with Y-RNAs. This family highly conserved was initially discovered as component circulating ribonucleoprotein autoantigens serum from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Sjogren's Syndrome patients. Y-RNA has implicated cellular processes such DNA replication quality control. In recent years, detected multiple different cell lines biofluids, also murine human retroviruses. Accumulating evidence suggests EV-associated may involved range immune-related processes, including inflammation, suppression, establishment tumor microenvironment. Moreover, changes plasma levels diseases. Recent studies aimed address mechanisms underlying release function. We for example showed released by can regulated Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Combined, data triggered increased interest this review, we provide an overview reporting occurrence Y-RNAs, well signaling properties attributed RNAs. list RNA-binding currently interact Y-RNAs evaluate parallel, discuss technical challenges assessing whether contained complexes or By integrating current knowledge on further reflect biomarker potential communication immunopathology.