Pulses in the sand: Impulse response analysis of wireless underground channel

摘要: Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are becoming ubiquitous in many areas and designing robust systems requires extensive understanding of the (UG) channel characteristics. In this paper, UG impulse response is modeled validated via experiments indoor field testbed settings. Three distinct types soils selected with sand clay contents ranging from 13% to 86% 3% 32%, respectively. Impacts changes soil texture moisture investigated more than 1,200 measurements a novel that allows flexibility control. Time domain characteristics such as RMS delay spread, coherence bandwidth, multipath power gain analyzed. The analysis profile validates three main components channel: direct, reflected, lateral waves. It shown spread follows log-normal distribution. bandwidth ranges between 650 kHz 1.15MHz for paths up 1m decreases 418 distances above 10m. Soil affect non-linearly, which provides opportunities moisture-based dynamic adaptation techniques. model paves way tailored solutions data harvesting, sub-carrier communication, beamforming.