Human lung epithelial cell cultures for analysis of inhaled toxicants: Lessons learned and future directions.

摘要: The epithelium that covers the conducting airways and alveoli is a primary target for inhaled toxic substances, therefore focus in inhalation toxicology. increasing concern about use of animal models has stimulated development vitro cell culture analysis biological effects toxicants. However, validity current their acceptance by regulatory authorities as an alternative to reason concern, requires critical review. In this review, focused on human lung epithelial cultures model toxicology, we discuss choice cells these models, system used, method exposure well various read-outs assess cellular response. We argue rapid developments 3D cells, induced pluripotent stem generation organ-on-a-chip technology are among important will allow significant advances field. Furthermore, routes application toxicants air-liquid interface vast array may provide essential information. conclude close collaboration between researchers from disciplines valid methods suitable replacement studies