Zones of refuge: Resisting conquest in the northern Philippine highlands through environmental practice

摘要: Abstract Environmental practice in Ifugao, Philippines is considered to have anchored the successful resistance against Spanish conquest highlands of Philippine Cordillera. The social associated with wet-rice production region argued promote community solidarity and cohesion, past present. By looking at cultivation its rituals, this paper contends that habitus played a major role perpetuation preservation Ifugao culture during colonial period Philippines. Recent dating rice terraces suggests agricultural marvels were constructed as late ca. 400 years ago. Previously thought be least 2000 years old, recent findings Archaeological Project (IAP) show landscape modification for terraced started 1650 CE. archaeological record implies economic intensification political consolidation occurred soon after appearance empire northern (ca. 1575 CE). foremost indication shift was adoption agriculture highlands, zones served refuge local populations. I argue subsistence precipitated by pressures then followed consolidation. imperial expressed through agriculture; it also facilitated integration. Using paleoethnobotanical, faunal, artifactual datasets, documents process allowed resist conquest.