Dermal absorption of benzene in occupational settings: estimating flux and applications for risk assessment.

摘要: There is growing emphasis in the United States and Europe regarding quantification of dermal exposures to chemical mixtures other substances. In this paper, we determine flux benzene neat form, organic solvents, aqueous solutions based on a critical review analysis published literature, discuss appropriate applications for using absorption data occupational risk assessment. As part effort, synthesize analyze 77 experimental results taken from 16 studies skin absorption. We also assess activity simple hydrocarbon solvent thermodynamic modeling software tool. Based collective human vivo, vitro, animal vitro sets, find that steady-state (and benzene-saturated solutions) ranges 0.2 0.4 mg/(cm²·h). Observed outlier values some vivo sets are possibly due use test species have more permeable than humans or study conditions resulted damage barrier. Because relatively few been conducted benzene-containing available may be influenced by design vehicle effects, it not possible these quantify types mixtures. However, depending application, describe several potential approaches can used derive rough approximation Important limitations with respect quantifying evaluating significance settings include lack (1) factors affect uptake benzene, (2) different mixtures, (3) meaningful metrics (4) versus non-steady-state (5) effect (6) standardized methods estimating (7) robust estimates evaporation rate liquid vehicles.