摘要: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an integrable equation at order higher than the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation, which is referred to as extended KP (exKP) or 2 + 1 Gardner equation. The has two main advantages over equation: (1) it describes directional wave trains with much larger spreading angles and (2) more nonlinear waves because of cubic (Gardner) term. one richest equations known, characterizing its scattering transform solution periodic boundary conditions challenging. Lax pair Hirota bilinear form for given. procedure deriving in physical units behavior