Vitamin D and breast cancer: Past and present

摘要: The presence of the vitamin D receptor in mammary gland and breast cancer has been recognized since early 1980s, multiple pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that its ligand 1,25D modulates normal development sensitivity to carcinogenesis. Although characterized many responsive targets cells cancers, validation relevant regulate cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy differentiation, particularly vivo, challenging. Vitamin deficiency is common patients some evidence suggests low status enhances risk for disease or progression. Model systems carcinogenesis provided both VDR expression actions change with transformation but clinical data regarding responsiveness established tumors limited inconclusive. Because heterogeneous, analysis specific molecular subtypes necessary clarify conflicting data. Genomic, proteomic metabolomic analyses vitro vivo model also warranted comprehensively understand network regulated pathways context heterogeneity.