Covert neurofeedback without awareness shapes cortical network spontaneous connectivity

摘要: Recent advances in blood oxygen level-dependent-functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI)-based neurofeedback reveal that participants can modulate neuronal properties. However, it is unknown whether such training effects be introduced the absence of participants' awareness they are being trained. Here, we show unconscious training, which consequently produced changes functional connectivity, who received positive and negative rewards were covertly coupled to activity two category-selective visual cortex regions. The results indicate brain networks modified even complete intention learning situation, raising intriguing possibilities for clinical interventions.