A comparative analysis and guide to virtual reality robotic surgical simulators.

摘要: Background Since the US Food and Drug Administration approved robotically assisted surgical devices for human surgery in 2000, number of surgeries utilizing this innovative technology has risen. In 2015, approximately 650 000 robot-assisted procedures were performed worldwide. Surgeons must be properly trained to safely transition using such technology. Multiple virtual reality robotic simulators are now commercially available educational training purposes. There is a need comparative evaluations these aid users selecting an appropriate device their purposes. Methods We conducted comparison design capabilities all dedicated da Vinci robot – Skills Simulator (dVSS), dV-Trainer (dVT), Robotic Simulators (RoSS) RobotiX Mentor. This paper provides base specifications hardware software, with emphasis on each system. Results Each simulator contains large exercises skills development: dVSS n = 40, dVT n = 65, RoSS n = 52, Mentor n = 31. All four offer 3D visual images but use different display technologies. The leverages real console provide visualization, hand controls foot pedals. dVT, created simulated versions control systems. Each includes systems management services that allow instructors collect, export analyze scores students simulators. Conclusions This study information simulators' functional capabilities. offers unique advantages surgeons. been subject validation experiments, which have published literature. But those do not specific details simulators, necessary understanding sufficient select one best suited organization's needs. article assist type selection.