Reliability of human estimates of the presence of pups and the number of wolves vocalizing in chorus howls: implications for decision-making processes
作者： Vicente Palacios , Enrique Font , Emilio José García , Linn Svensson , Luis Llaneza
DOI: 10.1007/S10344-017-1115-4
关键词:
摘要: Management decision-making processes require reliable tools providing information on the distribution, abundance, and trend of populations. Wolves vocalize in response to human imitations howls. Traditionally, this phenomenon has been basis a widespread monitoring tool assess reproductive status wolf pack, as well estimate minimum number individuals pack: elicited-vocalization technique. However, despite its broad use, only few attempts quantify accuracy have made so far. Here, we carried out test evaluate estimates obtained from We administered “chorus tests” 205 subjects, 182 rangers—with different level experience with wolves—and 23 subjects no previous species. found that wolves participating chorus were not accurate, regardless listener (the correct was determined 32% tests). Listeners, however, identified pups vocalizing 98% times when there chorus. They also reported presence they present high frequency (71%). Estimating by unaided ear is flawed because bias inherent Howling surveys low degree selectivity confirm pups. Thus, make recommendations improve technique monitor
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