National parks and environmental justice: Comparing access rights and ideological legacies in three countries

摘要: National parks are often places where people have previously lived and worked-they been formed by a combination of natural human processes that embody an identifiable history cultural political values. Conservation protected areas is primarily about how we perceive such landscapes, place differential values on different landscape components, who gets to decide these Thus, conservation has still very much issues power environmental justice. This paper analyses the social, histories three national park regimes (South Africa, Sweden Scotland) through lens public access rights. We examine evolving status rights-in broad sense includes land, resources institutions governance-as critical indicator extent which policies legislation realise aims justice in practice. Our case studies illustrate rights contingent historical settings ideological contexts controlling management evolved. Dominant cultural, scientific ideologies given rise precedents institutional structures affect promotion around today. In countries were initially created preserve perceived 'wilderness', with decisions taken powerful elites central authorities, this legacy prevented profound change line new policy directives. The comparative analysis regimes, trajectories both converge diverge, was useful improving our understanding contemporary involving conservation, politics