Should Surgery for Hypospadias Be Performed Before An Age of Consent

摘要: Hypospadias is a relatively common genital condition in which the urethral opening forms on underside of penis, as opposed to at tip glans. Patients with hypospadias are typically referred for surgery during infancy or early childhood. Recent evidence, however, indicates that many individuals do not experience functional psychosocial difficulties commonly attributed condition, and surgical intervention carries substantial risk adverse outcomes. In this article, we review published outcomes data conduct an in-depth analysis typical rationales surgery, taking into consideration both potential benefits harms procedure, well existence nonsurgical alternatives. We argue, first, most childhood surgeries performed anticipated future problems concerning function cosmesis, rather than extant physical and/or adversely affecti...