Additive threats from pathogens, climate and land-use change for global amphibian diversity

摘要: distribution and interactions of these primary threats in relation to the global amphibian species. We show that greatest proportions species negatively affected by climate change are projected be found Africa, parts northern South America Andes. Regions with highest impact land-use coincide, but there is little spatial overlap regions highly threatened fungal disease. Overall, areas harbouring richest faunas disproportionately more one or multiple threat factors than low richness. Amphibian declines likely accelerate twenty-first century, because drivers extinction could jeopardize their populations previous, monocausal, assessments have suggested. Amphibians experiencing population all world 2,6 . Causes for this decline been identified. Among ranking anthropogenic changes, leading habitat destruction fragmentation, fatal disease chytridiomycosis, which caused chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Other include change, may interact environmental pollution, direct exploitation food, medicine pet trades, increase ultraviolet-B irradiation due ozone depletion, spread invasive 4,5