Between Natural Monopoly and Third Party Access – Swedish District Heating Market in Transition

摘要: The Swedish energy sector has gone through a number of major changes over the last 15 years. In 1996, electricity market was deregulated, and at same time prerequisites for district heating were changed, as heat now supposed to be sold price rather than self-cost price. this chapter we analyse process transformation in following deregulation, by using case studies on development Stockholm media reports heating. As theoretical framework use theories Large Technical Systems Splintering Urbanism. We show that after occurred, many municipalities their companies, either private actors or larger municipally-owned companies. Following this, increased rapidly, especially Uppsala, where both company. increases led protests debate media, it became clear there is significant disparity interpretation protesters argue companies are taking advantage natural monopoly systems constitute. other hand they acting market, competing with systems, such pumps. However, lockin effects once chosen, almost impossible change because high investment costs. It also customers have not accepted new structure. Rather, arguing favor "old system", municipallyowned two government investigations regarding possibility an introduction obligatory Third Party Access way create competition within market. Some oppose introduction, while others favor, see opportunity enter compete customers. no evidence prices would actually decrease. Nevertheless, processes few years shown how from invisible product simply "there" something debated higher degree public awareness. (Less)