Agrochemical synergism imposes higher risk to Neotropical bees than to honeybees

摘要: Bees are key pollinators whose population numbers declining, in part, owing to the effects of different stressors such as insecticides and fungicides. We have analysed susceptibility Africanized honeybee, Apis mellifera , stingless bee, Partamona helleri, commercial formulations deltamethrin imidacloprid. The toxicity fungicides based on thiophanate-methyl chlorothalonil were investigated individually combination, with insecticides. Results showed that bees more susceptible than honeybees. or caused low mortality, regardless concentration; however, their combination was toxic imidacloprid both species, over 400-fold for A. . There highly synergistic mortality by interactions mixture thiophanate-methyl, combined fungicide formulation mellifera, also a lesser extent P. helleri By contrast, mixtures induced high synergy but had little effect Differences physiology modes action agrochemicals discussed factors underlying differences agrochemicals.