Ecological-process management and ungulates: Yellowstone’s conservation paradigm

摘要: What have been the consequences for ungulate ecology and management after 30 years of ecological-process in national parks United States? Intervention some- times has required to restore maintain ecological processes, as illustrated by re- cent wolf (Canis lupus) recovery Yellowstone National Park. But long-held belief that populations must be controlled no basis fact, concerns ecosystems would collapse without culling unfounded. Instead, biolo- gists learned about influence herbivores on vegetation structure composi- tion found are regulated a variety demographic mecha- nisms. Parks needed baselines or controls against which we can evaluate human activities developments outside parks.