The energy required to produce materials: constraints on energy-intensity improvements, parameters of demand

摘要: In this paper, we review the energy requirements to make materials on a global scale by focusing five construction that dominate used in material production: steel, cement, plastics and aluminium. We then estimate possibility of reducing absolute production half, while doubling from present 2050. The goal therefore is 75 per cent reduction intensity. Four technology-based strategies are investigated, regardless cost: (i) widespread application best available technology (BAT), (ii) BAT cutting-edge technologies, (iii) aggressive recycling finally, (iv) significant improvements technologies. Taken together, these could produce impressive gains, order 50-56 intensity, but still short our reduction. Ultimately, face fundamental thermodynamic as well practical constraints ability improve intensity production. A strategy reduce demand providing services with less (called 'material efficiency') outlined an approach solving dilemma.