Effects of agricultural fungicides on microorganisms associated with floral nectar: susceptibility assays and field experiments.

摘要: Pesticides have become an inseparable element of agricultural intensification. While the direct impact pesticides on non-target organisms, such as pollinators, has recently received much attention, less consideration been given to microorganisms that are associated with them. Specialist yeasts and bacteria known commonly inhabit floral nectar change its chemical characteristics in numerous ways, possibly influencing pollinator attraction. In this study, we investigated vitro susceptibility Metschnikowia gruessi, reukaufii, Candida bombi six widely used fungicides (prothioconazole, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, fenamidone, boscalid, fluopyram). Next, a commercial antifungal mixture containing tebuconazole trifloxystrobin was applied natural populations plant Linaria vulgaris occurrence, abundance, diversity nectar-inhabiting compared between treated untreated plants. The results showed prothioconazole were highly toxic yeasts, inhibiting their growth at concentrations varying 0.06 0.5 mg/L. Azoxystrobin, fluopyram other hand exhibited considerably lower toxicity, yeast 1 32 mg/L or many cases not microbial all. application resulted significant decrease occurrence abundance individual flowers, but did translate into noticeable changes bacterial incidence abundance. Yeast species richness distribution also differ We conclude may negative effects nectar. consequences these pollination processes systems warrant further investigation.