Atmosphere–Ionosphere Electrodynamic Coupling

摘要: Numerous phenomena that occur in the mesosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere of Earth are caused by sources located lower atmosphere on ground. We describe effects produced lightning activity ground-based transmitters operated high frequency (HF) very low (VLF) ranges. Among these ionosphere heating formation plasma density inhomogeneities, excitation gamma ray bursts atmospheric emissions different spectral bands, generation ULF/ELF/VLF electromagnetic waves turbulence stimulation radiation belt electron precipitations acceleration ions upper ionosphere. The most interesting results experimental theoretical studies discussed below. is subject to action conductive electric current flowing atmosphere–ionosphere circuit. present a physical model DC field this key element an external current, which formed with occurrence convective upward transport charged aerosols their gravitational sedimentation atmosphere. An increase level radioactivity appearance additional ionization change electrical conductivity. Variation conductivity leads perturbation global circuit associated both Earth’s surface Description processes some calculations presented seismic-induced perturbations produce noticeable generating disturbances. mechanisms such experimentally observed as field-aligned currents, ULF/ELF modification ion altitude profiles electrodynamic under influence natural man-made also discussed. based satellite ground measurements data soil gas injection into