Proximal Soil Sensing: An Effective Approach for Soil Measurements in Space and Time

摘要: Abstract This chapter reviews proximal soil sensing (PSS). Our intent is for it to be a source of up-to-date information on PSS, the technologies that are currently available and their use measuring properties. We first define PSS discuss sampling dilemma. Using range frequencies in electromagnetic spectrum as framework, we describe large can used including electrochemical mechanical sensors, telemetry, geographic positioning elevation, multisensor platforms, core down-borehole sensors. Because properties measured with different provide examples alternative techniques also indicate developmental stage current approximate cost commercial discussion focuses development over past 30 years its state. Finally, short list general considerations future work suggest need research to: (i) improve designs (ii) most suitable technique or combination key properties, (iii) better understand interactions between sensor signals, (iv) derive theoretical calibrations, (v) basis local versus global (vi) signal processing, analysis, reconstruction techniques, (vii) methods data fusion, (viii) explore many varied soil, agricultural, environmental applications where sensors could used. provides scientists an effective approach learn more about soils. Proximal allow rapid inexpensive collection precise, quantitative, high-resolution data, which spatial temporal variability. hope this review raises awareness further encourage applications. help sustainable solutions issues face: food, water, energy security climate change.