Lessons from initiation to implementation of ICM programs in Xiamen: Key drivers and enabling environment for achieving social, environmental and economic sustainability

摘要: Abstract This paper addresses key drivers and enabling conditions for implementing Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) programs in Xiamen, China. The initiating ICM Xiamen included a growing level of environmental awareness, multiple-use conflicts the need more integrated coastal ocean governance, clear vision leadership from Municipal Government. Similar to other successful initiatives, efforts demonstrated importance action plans, legislative framework, financial sustainability, information management dissemination, capacity development providing an environment activities. Strong political will Government, underpinned by local autonomy over resource management, are also highlighted as factors that provided outcomes.